WEBVTT 1 00:00:03.870 --> 00:00:16.740 Mark Kushner: Good afternoon, my name is mark questioner i'm the director of Pepsi Michigan institute plasma science and engineering and welcome to the first seminar of the winter 2022 cms. 2 00:00:17.760 --> 00:00:27.660 Mark Kushner: it's my pleasure to introduce professor at the arena state of North Carolina State University Catherine is assistant professor and a new play engineering department. 3 00:00:28.170 --> 00:00:41.670 Mark Kushner: She received her PhD in electrical engineering from your your diversity in bolcom in 2013 which we also continued as a postdoctoral fellow and as an assistant professor in electrical engineering. 4 00:00:42.630 --> 00:01:03.810 Mark Kushner: She then joined North Carolina State University in 2017 where she's pursuing research interests in the experimental investigation generation and transport a plastic tubes reactive species for life science applications, including plasma Madison and plasma agriculture. 5 00:01:04.830 --> 00:01:15.030 Mark Kushner: and focus of a research program these on plasma device development plans for diagnostics in the interaction of plasmas and biological systems. 6 00:01:15.780 --> 00:01:34.770 Mark Kushner: She currently leads to 12 P, I nc state institute harnessing bio electro chemical technologies as sustainable sources for on demand precision agriculture, this involves using plasma is to produce nutrients for agricultural purposes on demand. 7 00:01:36.300 --> 00:01:43.680 Mark Kushner: Catherine at the Mercator fellow a speaker the board of trustees for the German National Center for Plaza medicine. 8 00:01:44.160 --> 00:01:58.020 Mark Kushner: And service on the international advisory board of the journal of processes in palmer's and 2021 she was identified as an emerging leader like I own teacher and i'll turn on physics T. 9 00:01:59.010 --> 00:02:08.220 Mark Kushner: They titled Catherine and seminar today is a cocktail cocktail of active ingredients benefits and challenges for class and medicine. 10 00:02:09.480 --> 00:02:11.700 Mark Kushner: But before we allow you to start. 11 00:02:13.560 --> 00:02:16.800 Mark Kushner: A little token of our appreciation and Kate spade back. 12 00:02:19.560 --> 00:02:31.860 Mark Kushner: Thank you very much for making a trip out here during COPA times and we hope that you use your obscene mug for good purposes, thank you very much, we have a presentation. 13 00:02:40.110 --> 00:02:40.800 Mark Kushner: Thank you very much. 14 00:02:41.880 --> 00:02:42.630 Mark Kushner: As Amazon. 15 00:02:44.160 --> 00:02:45.270 Mark Kushner: Really honored to have. 16 00:02:48.750 --> 00:02:49.470 Mark Kushner: To give you one. 17 00:02:55.530 --> 00:02:56.310 Mark Kushner: application. 18 00:03:18.630 --> 00:03:26.940 Mark Kushner: Good afternoon, everyone and yeah thanks for inviting me to give a seminar and mitzi seminar series and really honored to be here. 19 00:03:27.660 --> 00:03:41.670 Mark Kushner: And yeah today I focus a little bit more in plasma medicine, rather than on plasma agriculture, although if we have enough time at the end, I have a couple of slides just talking a little bit about other research, we are doing in my lab. 20 00:03:43.470 --> 00:03:56.910 Mark Kushner: So the work i'm showing today is mostly funded by the US Department of Energy and by the unc leinberger comprehensive cancer Center and I put NIH on there to this part funding starts. 21 00:03:58.080 --> 00:04:03.990 Mark Kushner: April 1 but some of the research will develop into the NIH project that's going to start very soon. 22 00:04:11.760 --> 00:04:16.080 Mark Kushner: Okay, now it works so brief overview of the talk today. 23 00:04:17.310 --> 00:04:29.850 Mark Kushner: we're going to discuss a little bit plasmas cocktail of active ingredients and they're all in red dots biology and what does readings biology is and then we're going to look at plasma liquid bio molecule interaction. 24 00:04:31.350 --> 00:04:38.940 Mark Kushner: So plasmas already quite complex plasma liquid interfaces or even what comes next, and if we then add a logical matter to this liquid. 25 00:04:39.630 --> 00:04:42.900 Mark Kushner: We have another layer of complexity there. 26 00:04:43.620 --> 00:04:56.040 Mark Kushner: and organic matter and liquids become part of the chemistry and they can become part of the chemistry in the passive way, but just offering a target for reactions and just a target for reactive species. 27 00:04:56.520 --> 00:05:13.620 Mark Kushner: But they can also actively contribute to the chemistry, for example, if you're looking at South living cells living organisms that are reacting to the plasma treatment, we are going to take a look at that and how we are trying to address that in the lab today. 28 00:05:15.060 --> 00:05:15.930 Mark Kushner: So plasma. 29 00:05:17.100 --> 00:05:25.290 Mark Kushner: Is a cocktail of active ingredients, we all know that that's a simple simplified sketch from actually my plasma medicine lecture. 30 00:05:25.980 --> 00:05:36.270 Mark Kushner: So we have all these active ingredients, we have UV radiation, we have charged particles, we might have radio frequency a little bit of heat electric field. 31 00:05:36.990 --> 00:05:47.400 Mark Kushner: And you also have reacted species in our plasma and those reactive species are the ones we are focusing on today, and how they interact with a cell and all the components in the cell. 32 00:05:49.770 --> 00:05:59.070 Mark Kushner: And the most important reactive species, you can produce with plasmas are reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species may play a key role. 33 00:06:01.740 --> 00:06:12.060 Mark Kushner: Also in our human body or if we think about plants in the plan, since the same reactive oxygen and nitrogen species for signaling and for. 34 00:06:15.870 --> 00:06:16.950 Mark Kushner: They say initially. 35 00:06:19.740 --> 00:06:26.730 Mark Kushner: So we do have the same towards basically that our body uses for signaling. 36 00:06:28.050 --> 00:06:31.830 Mark Kushner: By using plasma in the air or in contact with them. 37 00:06:32.880 --> 00:06:44.760 Mark Kushner: So these reactive oxygen and nitrogen species or short runs react by changing and electrons in a chemical process called redux reactions in our body so in our body this. 38 00:06:46.560 --> 00:07:01.200 Mark Kushner: whole process of exchanging electrons is called reduction and oxidation, and this is where red rocks biology comes from the it's the science of describing reduction and oxidation reaction. 39 00:07:02.250 --> 00:07:11.640 Mark Kushner: And there's a quote, I want to read here, looking at life from the perspective of electron flow, maybe one of the most universal and fundamental approaches to biology. 40 00:07:12.480 --> 00:07:21.480 Mark Kushner: This is because I know life forms depend on electrons that get stranded at the top of energy hose waiting to roll down the hill what low energy resting place. 41 00:07:22.140 --> 00:07:28.920 Mark Kushner: This inside has been painlessly expressed in the words of I ever sent yagi life is nothing but electrons looking for a place to us. 42 00:07:29.640 --> 00:07:39.600 Mark Kushner: that's not only the case in biology that's, also the case and plasmas right you could also describe it exactly like that plasmas electrons looking for a place to rest. 43 00:07:42.060 --> 00:07:44.550 Mark Kushner: So there are a lot of similarities, which makes it. 44 00:07:45.810 --> 00:07:47.070 Mark Kushner: interesting to look at. 45 00:07:48.240 --> 00:07:54.780 Mark Kushner: The red dots biology, when we are dealing with customers, especially when we want to apply them for plasma medicine. 46 00:07:56.400 --> 00:08:02.520 Mark Kushner: And this is a slide I stole from David grace I hope he forgives me. 47 00:08:04.620 --> 00:08:06.420 Mark Kushner: He gave an online seminar. 48 00:08:07.980 --> 00:08:11.910 Mark Kushner: The role of runs and plasma medicine lessons from nature and. 49 00:08:13.110 --> 00:08:15.450 Mark Kushner: I think it really summarizes very well. 50 00:08:16.860 --> 00:08:28.350 Mark Kushner: What we are dealing with him they're reactive oxygen species like here depicted on the left, starting with oxygen and then there's a an electron edit and it becomes super oxide. 51 00:08:29.070 --> 00:08:34.650 Mark Kushner: An electron is added becomes hydrogen peroxide and electron is added and associates 208. 52 00:08:35.430 --> 00:08:44.460 Mark Kushner: And then another electron is edit and it goes to water, and this is what happens in our body, this is a physiological reaction, but a lot of these species. 53 00:08:45.090 --> 00:08:56.880 Mark Kushner: The reactive species here in the middle, they look very familiar for people dealing with plasma chemistry right, I mean we produce approximately produce hydrogen peroxide and the produce a lot of old age in those plasmas. 54 00:08:58.140 --> 00:09:06.390 Mark Kushner: So those are all species that are known to the human body, because it's applied in the body for signaling. 55 00:09:08.040 --> 00:09:08.820 Mark Kushner: processes. 56 00:09:10.080 --> 00:09:14.490 Mark Kushner: Similarly, with a reactive nitrogen species It all starts with an amino acid. 57 00:09:16.560 --> 00:09:26.970 Mark Kushner: And then the be subtract five electrons to get nitric oxide, you can subscribe sub excuse me suspect more electrons to get nitrate. 58 00:09:27.330 --> 00:09:43.110 Mark Kushner: nitride nitrogen dioxide and nitrate at the end, and there are also some other reactions that require a little bit more complicated can chemistry, but also here, we see, we have a lot of common reactive species that we produce with the plasma as well. 59 00:09:47.910 --> 00:09:55.230 Mark Kushner: So nitric oxide and super oxide, together with other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have very short lifetimes. 60 00:09:55.740 --> 00:10:10.710 Mark Kushner: And if applied on the surface any effect that occurs depend the tissue has come from the biological response of the system, and this introduces a little bit the idea of biological penetration that rather physical penetration that. 61 00:10:12.510 --> 00:10:31.290 Mark Kushner: I don't go too much into detail about that today and that's also something we are trying to look at and trying to understand what is the physical penetration depth so thinking about vv apply plasma and we see effects further down in the tissue species actually diffusing to that. 62 00:10:32.670 --> 00:10:46.440 Mark Kushner: yeah deep in the tissue but do they start reaction a cascade reactionary and and signaling happens or different chemical species are produced on the way and that causing the effect further down the road. 63 00:10:48.510 --> 00:10:54.900 Mark Kushner: So nitric oxide and super oxide are created, both in biological systems and by plasma as well. 64 00:10:56.130 --> 00:11:03.510 Mark Kushner: That makes them also really, really interesting to look at about a little bit difficult to look at experimentally. 65 00:11:07.200 --> 00:11:10.890 Mark Kushner: Going back to red X biology, that is. 66 00:11:13.230 --> 00:11:20.160 Mark Kushner: Something that's yeah investigated in biology that's an attitude of research, but we can learn a lot from red X biology. 67 00:11:21.390 --> 00:11:31.260 Mark Kushner: And I don't want to want to go too much into detail with that because Dr grace gets really, really great overview in his online talk and I don't want to copy the whole talk about was really awesome. 68 00:11:32.130 --> 00:11:46.680 Mark Kushner: But we're going to talk about something something new, here, of course, so that that runs based therapies out there, and if you compare that with tesla they cause a similar effect. 69 00:11:48.210 --> 00:12:08.040 Mark Kushner: As an innate immune system oxidative first that's one of the tools our immune system can use, for example, to attack invaders right now with Kobe going on let's just assume a virus is invading our body, so our immune system would employ an. 70 00:12:09.270 --> 00:12:15.750 Mark Kushner: oxidative burst as an immediate response to any invasion that's happening in a detect something that doesn't belong there. 71 00:12:17.790 --> 00:12:30.450 Mark Kushner: and plasma at low doses can mimic an immune response to tissue damage to wounds or infection that could initiate a natural healing process. 72 00:12:33.000 --> 00:12:48.570 Mark Kushner: And now that we are already talking about plasma triggering an immune response there's also the opportunity to use plasma to trigger an immune response for plasma immunotherapy and that's something we are going to take a look at. 73 00:12:52.830 --> 00:12:53.370 Mark Kushner: So. 74 00:12:55.200 --> 00:13:01.470 Mark Kushner: For instance, employee immunosuppressive strategies to escape the body's normal immune survey and elimination. 75 00:13:01.890 --> 00:13:13.740 Mark Kushner: If there's a tumor developing you have a lot of salutations happening every day in our bodies, but usually the immune system detected and gets rid of them before they actually become cancerous. 76 00:13:14.910 --> 00:13:24.720 Mark Kushner: Now the tumors have in common that they have an immune escape and they sort of have an invisible cloak protecting themselves from the immune system. 77 00:13:29.460 --> 00:13:32.880 Mark Kushner: And it is possible to expose certain. 78 00:13:34.710 --> 00:13:45.870 Mark Kushner: antigens on the tumor surface that makes those tumors visible again to the immune system and that process, the exposure of the antigens. 79 00:13:46.920 --> 00:13:49.830 Mark Kushner: That can be initiated through ammonia gigantic seta. 80 00:13:51.150 --> 00:13:55.290 Mark Kushner: several steps in this pathway are reactive oxygen species dependent. 81 00:13:56.700 --> 00:13:59.100 Mark Kushner: The high reactive oxygen. 82 00:14:00.120 --> 00:14:04.350 Mark Kushner: amount leads to sell them directly and debating of the tumor markers. 83 00:14:05.700 --> 00:14:18.960 Mark Kushner: So if we if you think about employing plasma for plasma oncology and cancer treatment with plasma, you can you can think about different rods there, so we can treat royalty the tumor cells and and. 84 00:14:19.530 --> 00:14:27.000 Mark Kushner: overwhelm them with reactive oxygen species, so the cancer cells just die and then there's running cells that. 85 00:14:28.020 --> 00:14:32.310 Mark Kushner: don't necessarily day but they may be recognized now that there. 86 00:14:33.720 --> 00:14:36.180 Mark Kushner: Is an energetic cider happening. 87 00:14:37.290 --> 00:14:48.630 Mark Kushner: And they can can can get picked up by the immune system, in addition, as model to more maybe more manageable by the compromised immune system, so this is roughly the idea. 88 00:14:49.770 --> 00:14:50.340 Mark Kushner: and 89 00:14:51.390 --> 00:15:06.480 Mark Kushner: The removal of immunosuppressive cells by plasma can be an additional beneficial outcome that is just a rough outline here we have a conceptual hypothesis how that might work, so the idea is we have. 90 00:15:08.100 --> 00:15:12.720 Mark Kushner: plasma he has abbreviated as NTP non terminal plasma. 91 00:15:14.190 --> 00:15:16.080 Mark Kushner: And that is. 92 00:15:17.760 --> 00:15:19.380 Mark Kushner: Exposing a tumor cell. 93 00:15:20.640 --> 00:15:25.860 Mark Kushner: A DVD provide reactive oxygen species reactive nitrogen species suited that tomorrow, so. 94 00:15:26.880 --> 00:15:42.750 Mark Kushner: That leads to runs induced immuno genetic setup of the cells, which means the cell will emit icd Marcus icd Munich tannic setup and will release some cytokines which then attract. 95 00:15:44.880 --> 00:15:51.150 Mark Kushner: The or enhance the migration and maturation of antigen presenting cells and these intern. 96 00:15:51.960 --> 00:16:03.480 Mark Kushner: stimulate the proliferation and activation of tomorrow specific T cells, so this whole figure shows basically how they think that it could treat tumor cells with plasma. 97 00:16:04.110 --> 00:16:14.430 Mark Kushner: They become visible to the immune system, the immune system detects then every food cells and, at the end engineers those specific T cells to get rid of the tumor cells. 98 00:16:16.740 --> 00:16:17.400 Mark Kushner: So that is. 99 00:16:18.840 --> 00:16:21.360 Mark Kushner: The concept, the idea. 100 00:16:23.400 --> 00:16:28.410 Mark Kushner: And if if it's if it works or not is something that's a that's a different question. 101 00:16:28.890 --> 00:16:41.940 Mark Kushner: But you got to start somewhere right, so we started by comparing to serve populations just looking at two different cancer cell lines that wasn't collaboration with drexel university was funding umbrella and footprints there. 102 00:16:44.430 --> 00:17:03.960 Mark Kushner: i'm used to like kidney cancer cell lines one was a drug itself it does have lymphoid origin, which is a precursor of tea and be lymphocytes so part of the immune system in thc when cells of origin precursors of macro factors and dendritic cells. 103 00:17:05.250 --> 00:17:17.250 Mark Kushner: And those thc one sells due to the origin have the capacity to produce cellular reactive oxygen nitrogen species species that are used for destroying pathogens, so those videos. 104 00:17:20.280 --> 00:17:27.720 Mark Kushner: said they are actually providing this oxidative burst pretty to a tech invaders. 105 00:17:29.130 --> 00:17:37.860 Mark Kushner: And we looked at survivability and damage associated molecule of patterns in fargo side towards us the antigen presenting cells. 106 00:17:39.150 --> 00:17:40.950 Mark Kushner: And what we observed is. 107 00:17:42.300 --> 00:17:42.870 Mark Kushner: That. 108 00:17:44.100 --> 00:17:47.040 Mark Kushner: it's look at the viability here on the Left first. 109 00:17:48.120 --> 00:17:52.560 Mark Kushner: The drug cartels decreased and viability after plasma treatment. 110 00:17:55.110 --> 00:18:00.990 Mark Kushner: The thc one cells were rather unimpressed by the plasma treatment, the viability did not change at all. 111 00:18:02.550 --> 00:18:16.380 Mark Kushner: Let me look at my toe socks, which is mitochondrial super oxide, so that is the stress response off the cells when they experience and oxidative stress, for example, they translocated super oxide. 112 00:18:17.730 --> 00:18:19.740 Mark Kushner: And we see that the drug had cells. 113 00:18:20.820 --> 00:18:37.320 Mark Kushner: were tested positive to a great extent on this major socks, so they translocated a lot of mitochondrial support side, but also the thc one says, who were really unimpressed by the plasma treatment just looking at the survey ability. 114 00:18:38.430 --> 00:18:48.180 Mark Kushner: They showed some increase in the mitochondrial super oxide production, at least for the for the higher doses of plasma. 115 00:18:51.150 --> 00:18:51.630 Mark Kushner: and 116 00:18:54.090 --> 00:19:12.840 Mark Kushner: The damage associated molecular patents are important to investigate, to see if the cells react and how they react to plasma treatment, so we saw the survivability doesn't really give us a lot of information mitochondrial super oxide, a little bit more amenable sense as dress. 117 00:19:15.120 --> 00:19:20.370 Mark Kushner: or they are getting damaged they release these damage associated molecules patterns. 118 00:19:21.660 --> 00:19:25.950 Mark Kushner: And we don't need to go into into detail a lot, what kind of. 119 00:19:26.970 --> 00:19:39.540 Mark Kushner: Damage associated molecular patterns, there are, but we see in general, the trend is the drug cartels show a lot more damage associated molecule our patrons than the thc one cells. 120 00:19:40.320 --> 00:19:53.130 Mark Kushner: But, especially for that HP 70 a heater protein, we see that there is some increase in the number of every see indeed the dose dependent. 121 00:19:54.510 --> 00:20:02.220 Mark Kushner: release of those damage associated molecule that passion, so the thc oneself seem unimpressed but there's something happening. 122 00:20:06.000 --> 00:20:08.550 Mark Kushner: And if you look at parasitosis. 123 00:20:11.520 --> 00:20:19.140 Mark Kushner: Which means that those cells are detected by the immune system and picked up at are eaten away. 124 00:20:20.250 --> 00:20:21.300 Mark Kushner: To get rid of them. 125 00:20:22.320 --> 00:20:34.020 Mark Kushner: So, if he if he co counsel them as macrophages and see if those macrophages can detect those cells as damage, you see, though the thc one survivability did not decrease at all. 126 00:20:36.240 --> 00:20:57.510 Mark Kushner: They were php one sells taken up bibles macrophages and detected sm itself so that is actually quite interesting that we can see those effects and observe those effects, although they're not as strong as for the drug itself but they happen without changing survivability. 127 00:21:00.810 --> 00:21:18.960 Mark Kushner: also want to cite migration was studied here, and you see that even with the monolithic migration it's much more clear those cells attract much more of those models sites which again means they are, they are basically forcing an immune response and the immune system. 128 00:21:20.070 --> 00:21:22.950 Mark Kushner: is attracted to take care of themselves. 129 00:21:26.220 --> 00:21:36.600 Mark Kushner: So to summarize the observations of that study those thc one cells are much more resistant to plasma mediated side of toxicity, meaning that. 130 00:21:36.960 --> 00:21:47.430 Mark Kushner: Actually, they were pretty unimpressed to the survivability we made pretty much the same nonetheless the thc one says showed increased level of chemo Texas and Florida psychosis. 131 00:21:48.240 --> 00:21:54.300 Mark Kushner: And I will say, toasters, without the site of toxicity may open up new avenues for Class mom college. 132 00:21:54.750 --> 00:22:00.480 Mark Kushner: So what we observed here is that we can actually get the immune system to detect those cells to get rid of those cells. 133 00:22:01.170 --> 00:22:10.170 Mark Kushner: Without actually killing themselves, and that means we can we can tailor plasma discharges in a way that we really just use it. 134 00:22:10.590 --> 00:22:21.090 Mark Kushner: to the point where we get those damage associated molecular patterns that the self released that things to to attract immune system to to appear damage, but without. 135 00:22:22.410 --> 00:22:23.430 Mark Kushner: Killing cells. 136 00:22:25.290 --> 00:22:31.500 Mark Kushner: which makes it also easier to treat head tissue and too much, as she at the same time. 137 00:22:34.110 --> 00:22:37.230 Mark Kushner: But what's happening that with those tools cell lines. 138 00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:41.880 Mark Kushner: We know they have different origin and they react differently. 139 00:22:43.050 --> 00:22:56.880 Mark Kushner: Apparently, they react differently to the same as my chemistry they're exposed to, but what is actually happening now, and can maybe the plasma chemistry even shed light on the different cell responses, so we took a look at it. 140 00:22:58.470 --> 00:23:03.210 Mark Kushner: that's that's a lot to go through here now but I don't want to go too much into detail. 141 00:23:04.950 --> 00:23:18.360 Mark Kushner: On the top we have hydrogen peroxide and the bottom, we have nitride concentrations and then the first column here is said patch a medium without sets present as a baseline. 142 00:23:19.980 --> 00:23:29.160 Mark Kushner: In the middle, we have the job had cells and on the right, you have to HP one cells and now be investigated the cell culture medium. 143 00:23:30.540 --> 00:23:34.950 Mark Kushner: After plasma treatment directly after plasma treatment and 24 hours later. 144 00:23:36.090 --> 00:23:48.150 Mark Kushner: And we treated joke at cells inside culture medium invested investigated it directly after treatment and 24 hours later, and the same for Stage one cells. 145 00:23:49.410 --> 00:23:54.780 Mark Kushner: So what we see is just in the second comedian there's a slight difference between the. 146 00:23:56.160 --> 00:24:00.330 Mark Kushner: Time point zero and 24 hours after but also. 147 00:24:02.460 --> 00:24:04.950 Mark Kushner: Big our bars that are overlapping. 148 00:24:06.090 --> 00:24:17.280 Mark Kushner: which makes it a little difficult so except as a medium is really rather complex, there are a lot of things present in the same page and medium has a long list of ingredients, it makes it a little bit difficult. 149 00:24:19.050 --> 00:24:37.800 Mark Kushner: But if you look at the joke headsets we see a much more the things trend BC that directly after plasma treatment they have low amounts of hydrogen peroxide then we had in the SEC hedge a medium alone for the cells do something, maybe just offer a reaction target to. 150 00:24:39.900 --> 00:24:46.080 Mark Kushner: The species that would otherwise form hydrogen peroxide, for example, he before he would. 151 00:24:47.220 --> 00:24:56.070 Mark Kushner: Otherwise, be combined to hydrogen peroxide it matters that much self well and reacted with it, but then interestingly 24 hours later. 152 00:24:57.690 --> 00:25:10.140 Mark Kushner: You see there's no hydrogen peroxide left So here we are around the detection limit, so these cells have actually done something to the hydrogen peroxide or it just reacted way with the cells. 153 00:25:11.790 --> 00:25:13.920 Mark Kushner: And then, looking at the thc one says. 154 00:25:15.300 --> 00:25:32.640 Mark Kushner: They are around the detection limits directly after plasma treatment, so it cannot be that it's just providing a passive target, because the same ufology of those cells, the outer layer how it looks like for the plasma produced species should be pretty much the same. 155 00:25:33.750 --> 00:25:38.340 Mark Kushner: So the cells must actively contribute somehow to these chemistry changes. 156 00:25:42.420 --> 00:25:47.790 Mark Kushner: And then, for four nights right it looks a little bit more complicated, but also nitride has so many more ways to. 157 00:25:49.050 --> 00:25:49.950 Mark Kushner: To be formed. 158 00:25:50.970 --> 00:25:51.660 Mark Kushner: That we haven't. 159 00:25:53.880 --> 00:25:57.810 Mark Kushner: Really fun perfect explanation for for for nitride. 160 00:26:03.120 --> 00:26:15.000 Mark Kushner: So we noticed that the cells influence the plasma liquid chemistry in two ways they influence of passively by just providing a target for reactive species to react. 161 00:26:16.410 --> 00:26:17.670 Mark Kushner: But also actively. 162 00:26:19.050 --> 00:26:28.680 Mark Kushner: We saw that we had the mitochondrial super oxide production in those trust cells, so they are actively contributing by reusing super oxide, for example. 163 00:26:29.760 --> 00:26:45.720 Mark Kushner: Whether it can take up reacted species and neutralize them like the tip one sells do they must have mechanisms to deal with oxidative stress and oxidative species because they use them themselves to attack invaders. 164 00:26:47.760 --> 00:26:51.390 Mark Kushner: We wanted to take a closer look at the reaction targets in liquids. 165 00:26:52.410 --> 00:27:01.380 Mark Kushner: But dealing with secular culture medium was a long list of ingredients and those cells that are there being an active and passive target. 166 00:27:02.970 --> 00:27:07.050 Mark Kushner: We decided to to rather reduce the complexity to do some. 167 00:27:08.220 --> 00:27:15.120 Mark Kushner: Basic investigations, and for that we employ the cost chat tonight for plasma jet. 168 00:27:16.170 --> 00:27:28.380 Mark Kushner: designed as reference was it's very robust and reproducible and it allows to contextualize resides because there are many laps working on the cassette it was originally built it will university boom. 169 00:27:29.580 --> 00:27:35.250 Mark Kushner: And now it's I don't know in more than 10 laps on the planet. 170 00:27:37.320 --> 00:27:43.560 Mark Kushner: So it's really nice because there's also a lot of literature available to put your own results into context. 171 00:27:44.430 --> 00:28:01.830 Mark Kushner: And we use helium helium Whitehead mixtures and helium oxygen at mixtures, for the following experiments Just to give you an idea for the dimensions, this whole channel here is 30 million meters long and one millimeter wide so it's a rather small plasma. 172 00:28:06.030 --> 00:28:06.870 Mark Kushner: give you see it. 173 00:28:07.890 --> 00:28:10.110 Mark Kushner: In action treating a well played. 174 00:28:11.310 --> 00:28:18.390 Mark Kushner: In total guys first one liter per minute and we kept the power, constant, which means we had to adjust the voltage to the electrodes. 175 00:28:20.220 --> 00:28:22.140 Mark Kushner: For the different treatment gases. 176 00:28:23.280 --> 00:28:29.700 Mark Kushner: And we always used one really tough treatment volume with a formula meter distance from the nozzle of the JET to the liquid. 177 00:28:32.100 --> 00:28:39.750 Mark Kushner: So, looking at the different conditions we have we have helium oxygen helium and the metal. 178 00:28:40.860 --> 00:28:42.030 Mark Kushner: and human with water. 179 00:28:43.200 --> 00:28:53.460 Mark Kushner: helium oxygen alone, we know that we produce a lot of atomic oxygen and then we have molecular oxygen so they are going to combine to to also. 180 00:28:54.120 --> 00:29:02.760 Mark Kushner: We have super oxide sing the data oxygen and just looking at a at a spectrum of the discharge BC we have mostly atomic oxygen there. 181 00:29:03.630 --> 00:29:19.230 Mark Kushner: In the spectrum is he a helium line, and then we also notice that he has some impurities of nitrogen into H, and the discharge, which is due to the fact that they are just operating the JET and ambient air don't have a controlled environment. 182 00:29:21.030 --> 00:29:32.940 Mark Kushner: On the other hand, when we use helio with what has mixed just the main contribution to the mission is oh ah so as expected, we have a lot of age and the helium water this chart. 183 00:29:33.660 --> 00:29:40.560 Mark Kushner: And the helium line is clearly visible and we see some nitrogen and atomic oxygen as impurities in the discharge. 184 00:29:41.490 --> 00:29:54.240 Mark Kushner: And the helium only case it's a little bit convoluted we have a little bit of everything so nothing is really put in this helium distracted so I just impurities that the scene, the actual discharge. 185 00:29:58.770 --> 00:30:09.540 Mark Kushner: And we took a closer look at the atomic oxygen and the hydroxyl radical production in the deck when we had a liquid. 186 00:30:11.160 --> 00:30:12.090 Mark Kushner: target present. 187 00:30:13.380 --> 00:30:15.690 Mark Kushner: So here we see. 188 00:30:17.460 --> 00:30:22.110 Mark Kushner: The effluent of the jets that means plasma jet was right here. 189 00:30:23.220 --> 00:30:28.440 Mark Kushner: And we just went through the affluent and took images of. 190 00:30:29.820 --> 00:30:31.680 Mark Kushner: Because most the point of that is. 191 00:30:36.060 --> 00:30:43.350 Mark Kushner: Of the signal in the in the effluent out to 10 millimeters and then we be repeated the experiment and put. 192 00:30:44.850 --> 00:30:48.840 Mark Kushner: liquid interface at four millimeters and compare the results. 193 00:30:50.190 --> 00:31:04.110 Mark Kushner: We performed to 14 absorption days and use for essence and lead and use for essence for atomic oxygen and O H, respectively, and the results of all these studies opportunity on the right. 194 00:31:06.300 --> 00:31:10.920 Mark Kushner: So in red vc helium oxygen in blue it's healing water discharge. 195 00:31:12.210 --> 00:31:18.900 Mark Kushner: And then we are looking at the desk line with us, which is atomic oxygen with a water surface present. 196 00:31:21.660 --> 00:31:29.580 Mark Kushner: So here we see that the atomic oxygen density is going down when we when we come closer to the. 197 00:31:30.600 --> 00:31:31.530 Mark Kushner: liquid interface. 198 00:31:32.670 --> 00:31:34.560 Mark Kushner: The helium watch our case here. 199 00:31:35.850 --> 00:31:39.150 Mark Kushner: is much lower in density. 200 00:31:40.830 --> 00:31:54.840 Mark Kushner: And the signal intensity is much lower as expected and the concentration about the density is also going down as we reach the liquid interface in here we have the direct comparison for each. 201 00:31:56.220 --> 00:31:58.860 Mark Kushner: The dotted line with the open effluent and the. 202 00:32:00.360 --> 00:32:06.780 Mark Kushner: Solid line when the water interfaces President, and we see that the density is not really changing. 203 00:32:09.510 --> 00:32:15.720 Mark Kushner: When there's no obstacle, but when we have this what enter face present the density is going down. 204 00:32:16.620 --> 00:32:31.890 Mark Kushner: Starting at around two millimeters in the same vc for the helium oxygen case where the O H density remained relatively stable in the open, everyone clear case and then goes down quite a bit when we have this water interface present. 205 00:32:37.770 --> 00:32:38.430 Mark Kushner: So. 206 00:32:40.140 --> 00:32:47.850 Mark Kushner: i'm going from the gas face into the liquid phase, we wanted to see what what actually happens to the species that the. 207 00:32:49.530 --> 00:32:59.880 Mark Kushner: Transport into the liquid phase and what do they end up doing we started simple again and looked at hydrogen peroxide formation just in water, the Ionized water. 208 00:33:02.070 --> 00:33:08.130 Mark Kushner: To have it really, really, simple and hydrogen peroxide in the healer water plasma free sample. 209 00:33:09.750 --> 00:33:25.500 Mark Kushner: was found to be 30 times higher than in the helium case and 50 times higher than in the helium oxygen case that corresponds to the admissions backlog, having seen and previously reported gas case measurements performed by Benedict at all. 210 00:33:26.790 --> 00:33:33.840 Mark Kushner: So and helium watch have we have mostly dissociation to age and then hydrogen peroxide formation. 211 00:33:34.980 --> 00:33:49.230 Mark Kushner: We wanted to confirm the origins of hydrogen peroxide using O H scavengers and, in particular, looking at the hydrogen peroxide formation in the helium oxygen case so hydrogen peroxide would be produced, primarily in the gas face. 212 00:33:50.430 --> 00:33:57.930 Mark Kushner: The scavenger shouldn't matter at all, because then, if you have no a scavenger or it shouldn't reach the liquid, it should already. 213 00:33:59.490 --> 00:34:08.070 Mark Kushner: Combined to head down proximate before it enters the liquid, so we would expect the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide with O H scavenger present. 214 00:34:09.090 --> 00:34:23.670 Mark Kushner: If it is primarily produced in the retail space we would expect a very different hydrogen peroxide concentration, because now, some of the or age that's needed to form hydrogen peroxide will react with a scavenger instead. 215 00:34:27.330 --> 00:34:31.950 Mark Kushner: And for the helium water case it's really pretty straightforward. 216 00:34:33.720 --> 00:34:51.360 Mark Kushner: It doesn't matter, what kind of solution P diffuse was kind of a kind of a scavenger we use we produce pretty much the same amount of hydrogen peroxide for the eyeball and those scavengers solutions, and there are error bars on this graph just don't see them because they're so small. 217 00:34:52.440 --> 00:35:02.010 Mark Kushner: So it's really reproducible and this yeah that's a pretty good indication that hydrogen peroxide must be produced exclusively in the gas space. 218 00:35:04.890 --> 00:35:21.540 Mark Kushner: And helium oxygen it looks a little bit different and helium oxygen when we just have the water we produce almost no hydrogen peroxide now be at our age scavengers all of a sudden, we get quite quite a bit of hydrogen peroxide production here. 219 00:35:23.100 --> 00:35:32.460 Mark Kushner: And it's very significantly between the solutions that has That is something that was observed previously and fennel again by the group around then Benedict. 220 00:35:33.750 --> 00:35:35.250 Mark Kushner: And they postulated that. 221 00:35:36.510 --> 00:35:41.250 Mark Kushner: Atomic oxygen extracts hydrogen from the ch bonds or fennel. 222 00:35:42.630 --> 00:35:43.050 Mark Kushner: And as. 223 00:35:44.100 --> 00:35:54.510 Mark Kushner: yeah that that atomic oxygen enters the liquid and will then react further from hydrogen peroxide and or age or age or, to put act as precursors to. 224 00:35:57.180 --> 00:36:04.050 Mark Kushner: magazines age or two, but our experiments didn't give any conclusive answers for that. 225 00:36:06.720 --> 00:36:26.910 Mark Kushner: So we use em P O n ta tannic acid as or age seven just and if you compare them to fennel ever seen previous reports on their own rings structures, so it really might be possible that there is hydrogen abstraction going on. 226 00:36:28.050 --> 00:36:34.860 Mark Kushner: And it seems like when when rings structures are present in general, the hydrogen peroxide production increases. 227 00:36:35.430 --> 00:36:45.600 Mark Kushner: So the ring structures definitely become part of the liquid chemistry and influence how species are generated in the liquid because they're just all of a sudden part of the chemistry. 228 00:36:49.380 --> 00:37:06.630 Mark Kushner: If we now move from rings structures to an amino acid, and I just picked my favorite amino acids this team been working with this team for quite a while it's just Nice because it's very simple it has every group only once, and there are several. 229 00:37:07.920 --> 00:37:13.410 Mark Kushner: Ways how 16 can be investigated by the FBI spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. 230 00:37:14.640 --> 00:37:20.610 Mark Kushner: And it's relatively cheap that's also nice so it's an it's an amino acid. 231 00:37:21.780 --> 00:37:30.090 Mark Kushner: it's a simple model, just to to to see what's going on, and if you look at the helium water case yet again in in blue. 232 00:37:33.720 --> 00:37:34.680 Mark Kushner: We have the. 233 00:37:36.150 --> 00:37:45.630 Mark Kushner: desk line in the water, and then we have the solid line in the system solution and note that there are some excess breaks. 234 00:37:46.980 --> 00:37:47.610 Mark Kushner: To make it. 235 00:37:48.690 --> 00:37:51.000 Mark Kushner: yeah readable and in one plot. 236 00:37:52.920 --> 00:38:05.580 Mark Kushner: So there is a factor of 4.2 between the Di water and the system solution and we get a lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the system solution, we call for the. 237 00:38:06.450 --> 00:38:28.440 Mark Kushner: Oh, a scavenger case and for fennel we observed that the hydrogen peroxide is higher than it is present, as compared to the I water but here's the other way around, so the hydrogen peroxide is actually less than 16 is present, and the same holds true for helium oxygen. 238 00:38:31.200 --> 00:38:44.010 Mark Kushner: So we see a factor of two that this Gray line here depicts mark treatment much treatment means we just use the amount of hydrogen peroxide that we generate in di water. 239 00:38:46.860 --> 00:38:50.610 Mark Kushner: And just edited to 16. 240 00:38:53.610 --> 00:39:05.790 Mark Kushner: Externally, and what we see is that it's the same at the beginning and then for the later treatment times the mock treatment shows, and even higher hydrogen peroxide concentration and the Di water case. 241 00:39:08.310 --> 00:39:23.730 Mark Kushner: So the chemistry is completely different if we add the hydrogen peroxide exogenous or if we produce it with plasma and the reason received that 16 is actually consuming the hydrogen peroxide. 242 00:39:25.260 --> 00:39:26.970 Mark Kushner: So this team is doing something with it. 243 00:39:28.440 --> 00:39:29.730 Mark Kushner: And that may may be. 244 00:39:30.750 --> 00:39:38.310 Mark Kushner: But that may give us ideas what's happening in cells were inside catch a medium when the hydrogen peroxide looks like it's consumed. 245 00:39:39.840 --> 00:39:44.070 Mark Kushner: So we looked at system modifications that's a mass spectrometry. 246 00:39:45.120 --> 00:39:55.320 Mark Kushner: and found that the native 16 on the top left here disappears completely after five minutes for healing water treatment, we have a little bit remaining for helium oxygen treatment. 247 00:39:56.160 --> 00:40:11.700 Mark Kushner: And then I don't want to go too much into detail with the different modifications, we found, but we do see a general trend that we have different modifications for the blue bars and for the red bars so for healing water treatment, we see a tendency for. 248 00:40:13.260 --> 00:40:13.830 Mark Kushner: This. 249 00:40:15.030 --> 00:40:16.260 Mark Kushner: team formation. 250 00:40:17.370 --> 00:40:18.120 Mark Kushner: Whereas with. 251 00:40:19.860 --> 00:40:23.880 Mark Kushner: The helium oxygen treatment BC a tendency for oxidation of the siphon. 252 00:40:25.560 --> 00:40:27.930 Mark Kushner: And that is interesting because the. 253 00:40:29.640 --> 00:40:42.510 Mark Kushner: helium oxygen discharge provides atomic oxygen and if you if you recall the first sight atomic oxygen was not on the list for the red X biology atomic oxygen is unknown to our human body. 254 00:40:43.560 --> 00:40:56.010 Mark Kushner: Whereas O H and hydrogen peroxide are all part of the red dots back to processes and unknown to our human body and since this team is one of the amino acids, we also composed of. 255 00:40:57.720 --> 00:41:08.520 Mark Kushner: It makes sense that the modifications caused by known oxidative species are some that are also found in the body which is 16 that is one of. 256 00:41:09.420 --> 00:41:21.510 Mark Kushner: The reactions that is typically found in our body and that's also a reversible reaction so in our body we have some enzymes that can reverse this reaction and cut it. 257 00:41:22.170 --> 00:41:31.410 Mark Kushner: cut it out again to get native 16 and to recycle it those oxidized systems where the ciphers accidents like on the top right. 258 00:41:32.070 --> 00:41:41.280 Mark Kushner: which happened for the helium oxygen case, those are irreversible reactions, those are known to our human body, and there are no enzymes that can be read those reactions. 259 00:41:42.780 --> 00:41:51.540 Mark Kushner: out just make here I just looked at 16 not with the human body around and says translating those results into how it could look like. 260 00:41:54.060 --> 00:42:00.720 Mark Kushner: We also looked at the origin of species i'm still trying to figure out the chemical pathways and what 16. 261 00:42:02.100 --> 00:42:07.290 Mark Kushner: is reacting with, and there has been a publication by jury governance adele. 262 00:42:08.700 --> 00:42:12.240 Mark Kushner: When they're they postulated with a cluster that all. 263 00:42:13.350 --> 00:42:18.510 Mark Kushner: reactive species originated in the gas face and then know reactor species produced in the liquid. 264 00:42:19.620 --> 00:42:22.800 Mark Kushner: Now they just use very clean water in their study. 265 00:42:24.060 --> 00:42:24.540 Mark Kushner: and 266 00:42:26.370 --> 00:42:43.680 Mark Kushner: I was, I was expecting to see something similar when I when I put system in there, but that's actually not the case, so when the way we treat the system solution and look at the heavy oxygen incorporated and the oxygen the heavy oxygen was liquid. 267 00:42:44.880 --> 00:42:46.200 Mark Kushner: For the system solution. 268 00:42:48.780 --> 00:42:55.350 Mark Kushner: So we we have now systems run it by by heavy water was heavy oxygen in the water. 269 00:42:57.420 --> 00:43:07.740 Mark Kushner: And the treatment time goes up the top row is helium water, the lower role is helium oxygen in the netlist pick three modifications. 270 00:43:08.790 --> 00:43:16.200 Mark Kushner: Now we see an interesting variation of incorporation of heavy oxygen so we, we see that this. 271 00:43:18.090 --> 00:43:27.450 Mark Kushner: Over oxidizes team in general seems to incorporate more heavy oxygen for the oxidation than the other ones, but also for. 272 00:43:28.950 --> 00:43:32.790 Mark Kushner: The double and triple oxidized cipher but if occasions. 273 00:43:33.960 --> 00:43:35.490 Mark Kushner: We see that we get a lot of. 274 00:43:37.740 --> 00:43:43.110 Mark Kushner: Heavy oxygen and even too heavy oxygens incorporated in the modifications. 275 00:43:44.430 --> 00:43:56.010 Mark Kushner: So in helium water in general, it seems like more heavy oxygen is incorporated into the 16 for modifications than the helium oxygen if you can observe it for both. 276 00:43:57.150 --> 00:44:03.000 Mark Kushner: So now that's showing us had in clean samples when we just look at the I water. 277 00:44:05.310 --> 00:44:17.430 Mark Kushner: Species originated in the gas face there was nothing happening in the liquid, but now we provide something to react with for those pieces and they are reacting with it, and then the liquid becomes part of the chemistry again. 278 00:44:22.260 --> 00:44:22.830 Mark Kushner: So. 279 00:44:24.780 --> 00:44:26.250 Mark Kushner: The conclusion so far. 280 00:44:27.300 --> 00:44:34.200 Mark Kushner: organic matter becomes part of the chemistry, and there are different types of organic matter that affect the chemistry differently. 281 00:44:34.800 --> 00:44:53.100 Mark Kushner: And they can just offer target for reactive species or for the precursors of other long lived species, for example, who he is reacting with something before I can from hydrogen peroxide or they're providing new precursors to from other species, for example, if you have the hydrogen obstruction. 282 00:44:54.210 --> 00:44:59.490 Mark Kushner: And we have a to to present, we can from hydrogen peroxide on a different pathway. 283 00:45:00.630 --> 00:45:02.730 Mark Kushner: Then, if you just have to kind of finish. 284 00:45:03.780 --> 00:45:07.290 Mark Kushner: living cells actively contribute to the liquids chemistry. 285 00:45:08.400 --> 00:45:11.250 Mark Kushner: They can also just offer our target for reactive disease. 286 00:45:12.390 --> 00:45:18.930 Mark Kushner: But they can also take up a neutralized reactive species, and they can release reactive species themselves. 287 00:45:20.070 --> 00:45:20.550 Mark Kushner: Which is. 288 00:45:22.350 --> 00:45:28.440 Mark Kushner: Now, not visible for us because of the transcription but there's a to be done, and something that's ongoing. 289 00:45:31.140 --> 00:45:31.860 Mark Kushner: So. 290 00:45:33.030 --> 00:45:37.350 Mark Kushner: But what challenges and opportunities are there, ahead of us in plasma medicine. 291 00:45:38.370 --> 00:45:48.060 Mark Kushner: The modifications on biomolecules can obviously be tuned by using different plasma sources just using different plasma gas mixtures. 292 00:45:49.500 --> 00:45:51.750 Mark Kushner: While they're using different vantage conditions. 293 00:45:53.910 --> 00:46:03.390 Mark Kushner: Now modify that modifying those family molecules we can actually cause modifications that are known to nature. 294 00:46:03.990 --> 00:46:17.040 Mark Kushner: But they can also cause modification that are unknown to nature, as it was the case with atomic oxygen and the system modifications that we saw that can be reversible and in irreversible modifications in nature. 295 00:46:18.300 --> 00:46:25.200 Mark Kushner: So now, this came and looked at an amino acid and showed resides for one amino acid right. 296 00:46:25.830 --> 00:46:42.840 Mark Kushner: The question is, how do we translate knowledge from a single amino acid to hold organism there's still a way to go, but it gives us some good ideas what to look for when we are starting to increase the complexity, because now we know on a on a small level. 297 00:46:43.980 --> 00:46:56.580 Mark Kushner: What we can expect and what what happens on a chemical level when we have interactions of the plasma species with those amino acids and other simple molecules. 298 00:46:58.830 --> 00:47:02.100 Mark Kushner: So, with the runs produced by plasma. 299 00:47:03.120 --> 00:47:09.930 Mark Kushner: Thinking about the context of rocks biology, I think we have a lot of opportunity staff because we. 300 00:47:12.090 --> 00:47:23.520 Mark Kushner: We are able to precisely manipulate cellular responses with that you have also some responsibility, and we need to think about it when we when we are. 301 00:47:24.690 --> 00:47:44.910 Mark Kushner: Applying plasma to patients for plasma oncology you have a plasma will show me that you also interfere basically with the cellular responses, because we provide the same molecules that the body is using Personally, I would say that challenge and an opportunity at the same time. 302 00:47:49.230 --> 00:47:59.520 Mark Kushner: On this topic there's some some ongoing research and I was hoping to show you the forklift species liquid measure that ups spectroscopy a little bit more in detail. 303 00:48:00.990 --> 00:48:11.220 Mark Kushner: So we are right now, as we speak, basically, we are, we are investigating nitric oxide and wait and oh insert a medium, so the. 304 00:48:12.870 --> 00:48:21.150 Mark Kushner: results and water that I showed today for each and all they are computed nitric oxide is still in the works, and the second medium is still ongoing. 305 00:48:22.740 --> 00:48:36.060 Mark Kushner: So it's going to be interesting to see how the short lived reactor species chemistry will change when we have more targets and the liquid to offer to reactors and then the next step. 306 00:48:37.080 --> 00:48:42.870 Mark Kushner: We investigate the impact of an old or eight and over to plasma and special. 307 00:48:45.090 --> 00:48:46.320 Mark Kushner: And look further. 308 00:48:47.460 --> 00:48:52.440 Mark Kushner: To the response of cells to plasma treatment, and I look at more cellular markers. 309 00:48:53.520 --> 00:48:55.860 Mark Kushner: Instead, produce chemistry and now, all of us across. 310 00:48:56.970 --> 00:49:10.890 Mark Kushner: The cellular Marcus that I showed previously the damage associated molecular pattern favor or investigated with the dielectric barrier discharge, so now we are using the cluster to slowly build up the complexity of the targets. 311 00:49:12.240 --> 00:49:16.590 Mark Kushner: And then eventually I want to figure out if we can use plasma. 312 00:49:18.360 --> 00:49:38.130 Mark Kushner: plasma produced and sell produce chemistry for plasma end point detection and that's the the new project about that's going to start in April and NIH grant where we are going to look at the different cellular markers but also plasma chemistry, in conjunction with cellular markers to. 313 00:49:40.110 --> 00:49:45.180 Mark Kushner: See you can correlate that to an outcome and healing to correlate. 314 00:49:46.350 --> 00:49:49.500 Mark Kushner: Long term effects was a chemistry we deliver. 315 00:49:53.460 --> 00:49:55.440 Mark Kushner: it's probably tend to stop me. 316 00:49:57.630 --> 00:50:03.330 Mark Kushner: or just trying to shoot Okay, so I have a few more slides I thought it might be interesting. 317 00:50:04.770 --> 00:50:10.350 Mark Kushner: Just to talk a little bit about the other topics that are going on and in the research group. 318 00:50:10.950 --> 00:50:18.210 Mark Kushner: So that those were the slides at the enter key maybe if I from running out of 10 know if I have a little bit of time I can talk about that. 319 00:50:19.200 --> 00:50:32.520 Mark Kushner: So we already talked a lot about the custard and we are, we are looking at the generation and transport have reacted species with the cluster from the gas phase to the liquid to biological samples, and a lot of these. 320 00:50:35.940 --> 00:50:38.460 Mark Kushner: graphs are already in the presentation. 321 00:50:39.960 --> 00:50:48.570 Mark Kushner: But that's one of the big projects, right now, what is produced and where and how does it interact with liquids and biological samples. 322 00:50:51.060 --> 00:51:01.860 Mark Kushner: And then to switch gears a little bit, we are looking at plasma breakdown and instabilities in mighty face class God that's my gas bubble liquid systems. 323 00:51:02.880 --> 00:51:05.430 Mark Kushner: it's a complex name you chose therefore project. 324 00:51:06.660 --> 00:51:13.320 Mark Kushner: So we are trying to understand breakdown and schema development in plasma bubbles in liquids. 325 00:51:14.640 --> 00:51:19.050 Mark Kushner: And chosen experimental and theoretical approach and i'm just on the experimental side. 326 00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:25.890 Mark Kushner: This is a picture of those bubbles igniting between electrodes. 327 00:51:27.090 --> 00:51:41.430 Mark Kushner: So we float bubbles of the bubble, the air through liquid, we have to edit pros in this invalid and then the bubbles past the electrodes advantage plans to send through the bottle empty ignited plasma in the ball. 328 00:51:43.590 --> 00:51:45.180 Mark Kushner: A long exposure photograph. 329 00:51:46.200 --> 00:51:55.650 Mark Kushner: And here we have very short exposure, just a few 90 seconds CCD camera very see the plasma developing in the bubble. 330 00:51:57.780 --> 00:52:02.790 Mark Kushner: Between those electrodes and the combined that experimental investigation. 331 00:52:04.620 --> 00:52:10.080 Mark Kushner: theoretical approach, where we at first simulate real estate bubbles. 332 00:52:11.250 --> 00:52:19.320 Mark Kushner: So this is a form of direct numerical simulation Here we see a comparison between experiment and simulation so it looks pretty good. 333 00:52:20.340 --> 00:52:20.970 Mark Kushner: The. 334 00:52:23.610 --> 00:52:24.240 Mark Kushner: bubbles. 335 00:52:25.290 --> 00:52:34.260 Mark Kushner: can be investigated for different Gospels and different nozzle configurations pinholes so that made our life, a little bit easier on the experimental side. 336 00:52:35.490 --> 00:52:43.170 Mark Kushner: So we got some some design guidelines, here we have some some more Moscow, here we have some more. 337 00:52:46.500 --> 00:53:02.070 Mark Kushner: results for for different shapes and we can we can compare them to experimental bottles they became vegetarian, and then we use those three dimensional bubble shapes and transform them into two dimensional pictures. 338 00:53:03.300 --> 00:53:18.480 Mark Kushner: And import them into non PDP some and investigate how the plasma would ignite with a bubble like that, and then we have some configurations, where we have excellence experimentally, that we can compare then again to the theoretical approach. 339 00:53:19.680 --> 00:53:21.630 Mark Kushner: That is ongoing work and. 340 00:53:23.430 --> 00:53:28.560 Mark Kushner: we're seeing some interesting results there with the ignition of plasma in doubles. 341 00:53:30.360 --> 00:53:40.560 Mark Kushner: And if you want to know more about that topic next sponsor is going to talk in the I OPS seminar on February, the third about his latest research results. 342 00:53:43.530 --> 00:53:55.050 Mark Kushner: Then plasma agriculture is a big topic, of course, that is the big 12 PA project Dr Krishna mentioned in the introduction, for education on demand it's a. 343 00:53:56.130 --> 00:54:02.040 Mark Kushner: Large internal seed funding project, where we look at combining. 344 00:54:03.270 --> 00:54:23.190 Mark Kushner: Soil sensors for most chart and nitrogen content with the plasma device to fix night there it is what the plasma device to fix nitrogen from air into the water, let me have a Michael file cell electro chemical so that uses night Trojan to produce ammonium. 345 00:54:24.390 --> 00:54:28.350 Mark Kushner: And combined we can provide nitrogen and water to the fans on demand. 346 00:54:29.550 --> 00:54:38.970 Mark Kushner: We are going to investigate the effect on a large scale when hostile and then eventually on a few games and right now we are, we are still working on the. 347 00:54:39.750 --> 00:54:51.360 Mark Kushner: lap and slowly bring healthcare, we were looking at Abbey docsis as model plan to investigate on a cellular level what's happening to the plans expose to plasma treated water. 348 00:54:52.110 --> 00:55:03.150 Mark Kushner: And let me also looking at tomatoes grown in soil investigate the soil and the microbiome of the soil and the tomato after exposure to plasma treated water. 349 00:55:04.740 --> 00:55:09.420 Mark Kushner: And then we were forced into lockdown in 2020 and what this really, really nice review paper. 350 00:55:10.590 --> 00:55:16.680 Mark Kushner: So that's mostly written by the collaborators from plant sciences and solid sciences and. 351 00:55:18.810 --> 00:55:24.090 Mark Kushner: She took the lead on it to to find all the plasma agriculture, literature and to put it in context. 352 00:55:25.140 --> 00:55:33.300 Mark Kushner: But they are the hardest work was performed by our collaborators who put it now in the perspective of the plant and the plant ecosystem. 353 00:55:35.280 --> 00:55:37.320 Mark Kushner: We have another project for. 354 00:55:38.880 --> 00:55:44.400 Mark Kushner: comfortably in package called atmospheric plasma it's called so collaborators. 355 00:55:46.020 --> 00:55:56.190 Mark Kushner: And the from from rutgers university Dr Matthew has developed these paper based electrode for those are flexible paper based electrodes. 356 00:55:56.820 --> 00:56:03.870 Mark Kushner: And we can ignite surface dialectic various charges on these paper electrons they're really, really need. 357 00:56:04.680 --> 00:56:19.440 Mark Kushner: I fell in love with them the moment I saw them, they also really a challenge for diagnostics and that's what my part is in this project, trying to figure out how to to characterize the plasma that we get there, and how to learn more about the plasma. 358 00:56:22.410 --> 00:56:34.110 Mark Kushner: And dang chosen my graduate student is working on that and presenting in the eye of seminars well on February I believe darkness first and then Nick scheduled but they're both scheduled for February 3. 359 00:56:37.470 --> 00:56:44.010 Mark Kushner: And with that, I would like to conclude the top and acknowledge the whole group recent picture from for. 360 00:56:45.120 --> 00:56:54.300 Mark Kushner: The funding that was received for doing that work and all the people who were involved in the experiments in the religious action today, thank you for your attention. 361 00:57:00.510 --> 00:57:08.550 Mark Kushner: And then you can't be there are two questions for you, at home, if you could either speak up or. 362 00:57:10.230 --> 00:57:11.310 Mark Kushner: Type into the chat. 363 00:57:21.120 --> 00:57:29.250 Mark Kushner: Yes, I guess what probably silly question Have you looked at so by ability that your experiments I don't like peroxide is used as a disinfectant and. 364 00:57:30.360 --> 00:57:35.010 Mark Kushner: just wanted to ask whether or not he looked at whether or not the cells were viable after class treatment. 365 00:57:36.870 --> 00:57:38.730 Mark Kushner: Liability yeah yes yeah. 366 00:57:40.650 --> 00:57:45.810 Mark Kushner: So far, for the set patch experiments that was the first experiment just looking at survivability. 367 00:57:46.920 --> 00:57:50.100 Mark Kushner: yeah just to get a baseline and maybe. 368 00:57:51.120 --> 00:58:07.470 Mark Kushner: i'm not sure we're not sharing anymore right and just extending it then, so the drug headsets shot reduced survivability basically dose dependent and the thc one cells were just 100% regardless of the dose they were absolutely unimpressed by plasma treatment. 369 00:58:14.880 --> 00:58:16.200 Mark Kushner: Any other questions. 370 00:58:18.720 --> 00:58:40.290 Mark Kushner: I have no one, no one of the features of plasma treatment in particular bacteria is that the factory I typically don't build up a resistance and my interpretation of that is all we're doing is overloading their system with species that they're used to accept it. 371 00:58:41.430 --> 00:58:54.480 Mark Kushner: So there's no intrinsic reason for them to build up resistance, so if you start producing species with the plasma that are outside those bounds. 372 00:58:55.050 --> 00:59:12.120 Mark Kushner: Do you risk that you will start in an emr type of a situation where cells begin to build up a resistance to what the class was doing that's an excellent point and I could see that happening, I mean bacteria. 373 00:59:13.590 --> 00:59:21.930 Mark Kushner: So much smarter than we are regarding survival right, I mean that's really they're focused on that, and they do everything they can, and I think. 374 00:59:23.280 --> 00:59:27.450 Mark Kushner: They could be able to develop some resistance to something they don't know yet. 375 00:59:29.280 --> 00:59:29.730 Mark Kushner: It could be. 376 00:59:34.290 --> 00:59:38.610 Mark Kushner: Anyone at home Oh yes, we have we have really scared so. 377 00:59:40.590 --> 00:59:43.470 Mark Kushner: Please unmute yourself pavilion. 378 00:59:47.910 --> 00:59:48.360 POURIA: Hello. 379 00:59:51.450 --> 00:59:58.200 POURIA: So my webcam doesn't work properly, right now, but I have a few questions asked. 380 00:59:59.730 --> 01:00:03.870 POURIA: Could you just explain what do you mean by the plasma in point detection. 381 01:00:07.110 --> 01:00:21.720 Mark Kushner: So when when we start thinking about using plasma on humans for wound healing, for example, how do we know how long we have to treat this plasma, what is the right dose. 382 01:00:23.100 --> 01:00:35.400 Mark Kushner: And we don't really know what the effects of plasma are exactly and we even less know what the right path models is that we should apply, so there are some trial and error. 383 01:00:37.020 --> 01:00:48.030 Mark Kushner: investigations and they are the clinical trials and humans and they found some some numbers that they use for that 45 seconds per square centimeter as a treatment time. 384 01:00:48.900 --> 01:01:06.750 Mark Kushner: But within the project, we want to develop a sensor that can actually detect when is a good time to stop the plasma treatment when would be a good time where the beneficial effects as they are, but we don't have any cells. 385 01:01:10.230 --> 01:01:17.370 POURIA: Okay, thank you My other question is what kind of a reactive species, we are looking for in plasma. 386 01:01:18.600 --> 01:01:24.750 POURIA: I mean what kind of species, we look forward to produce more in plasma by tuning the plasma. 387 01:01:26.970 --> 01:01:36.000 Mark Kushner: And right now i'm looking at mostly at nitric oxide atomic oxygen and O H, and then the chemistry that reside in those reactive species. 388 01:01:38.100 --> 01:01:41.850 Mark Kushner: But those are, of course, not the only reactive CC producing last month. 389 01:01:43.410 --> 01:01:45.630 POURIA: Okay appreciate it, thank you very much. 390 01:01:46.980 --> 01:01:51.930 POURIA: Thank you, Professor Krishna forgiving forgiving me the chance, I appreciate it. 391 01:01:54.870 --> 01:01:55.800 Mark Kushner: hey john. 392 01:01:57.360 --> 01:02:08.640 John Foster: yeah I am had a question about student enter in graduate school i'm interested in doing plasma medicine just wondering. 393 01:02:09.810 --> 01:02:17.220 John Foster: What department should should should they pick because, looking at the top get their work is very interesting but. 394 01:02:17.490 --> 01:02:27.360 John Foster: there's chemistry, there is biology there and it's also plasma physics there so so what What would you recommend it because there are a lot of students, particularly undergrads that interested in this area. 395 01:02:27.750 --> 01:02:34.920 John Foster: And how would you recommend they navigate or just maybe department needs to have a thrust in this or something just wanted. 396 01:02:35.580 --> 01:02:40.380 Mark Kushner: that's that's really a great question, and I mean just looking at at. 397 01:02:41.490 --> 01:02:51.540 Mark Kushner: background of the people sitting here she's already so diverse it's not just nuclear engineering, or you know it's that's ma isn't so many departments. 398 01:02:53.160 --> 01:03:00.030 Mark Kushner: Actually I think it's kind of sad that the Office have to pick a department for something, but I think no I guess that's just the way it is. 399 01:03:02.190 --> 01:03:19.320 Mark Kushner: I think, right now, the plasma medicine applications are still more located on the plasma side, and I think the research is still driven more by plasma scientists and engineers, so that would be okay engineering mechanical engineering, maybe electrical engineering. 400 01:03:22.740 --> 01:03:23.700 Mark Kushner: But they are. 401 01:03:24.780 --> 01:03:37.470 Mark Kushner: More and more people on the medical side and biology said interested in plasma applications as well, so I think it's going to be exciting times for people interested in plant medicine, I get the feeling it's. 402 01:03:38.310 --> 01:03:46.050 Mark Kushner: spreading out a little bit more and more people really throw some serious interest outside of the standard plasma community. 403 01:03:47.250 --> 01:03:58.410 John Foster: yeah that's it that's it that's it it's a good answer so I could not have just fall questions technical so a lot of your work seems to focus on that cost plasma source. 404 01:03:59.490 --> 01:04:00.930 John Foster: do so. 405 01:04:02.310 --> 01:04:06.480 John Foster: Can you comment on some of the other sources out there, just like just these. 406 01:04:07.650 --> 01:04:22.710 John Foster: These a pen like DVD plasma jets, for example, on a more susceptible to external environmental issues like ground and local humidity than the cost or you need to these things. 407 01:04:23.460 --> 01:04:25.110 Mark Kushner: i'm not immune to these things. 408 01:04:28.560 --> 01:04:40.680 Mark Kushner: Where the cluster is is very nice, because the plasma is where you can find in that electronic geometry and the electric field is perpendicular to the gas so so. 409 01:04:41.370 --> 01:04:51.150 Mark Kushner: When you when you really want to investigate just the reactive species, basically, without the impact of electric field or traps, this is the question is nice because that there. 410 01:04:52.860 --> 01:05:05.520 Mark Kushner: yeah procrastinators really confined So if you if you keep a little distance you won't have any tracks pieces left anymore, if you are thinking about the DVD jets and then i'm i'm thinking ionization with like the bullets. 411 01:05:07.350 --> 01:05:18.780 Mark Kushner: That increases the complexity, again, those are really interesting sources and the elect the mullet reading about them using them for for really basic. 412 01:05:19.680 --> 01:05:33.540 Mark Kushner: Research for for the applications that i'm looking at i'm not sure they they seem a little more complex than the cost is so I have some other classical sources in my lap like a DVD and. 413 01:05:34.590 --> 01:05:36.060 Mark Kushner: Is pinned to pin geometry. 414 01:05:38.190 --> 01:05:48.930 Mark Kushner: Typically, when I when I really want to look at something in more detail and want to understand the basics of the day go back to the cluster and the others are worthwhile for application. 415 01:05:50.250 --> 01:05:52.020 John Foster: I see, thank you very top. 416 01:05:53.190 --> 01:05:53.580 Thank you. 417 01:05:56.640 --> 01:06:00.300 Mark Kushner: Any last questions here or remotely. 418 01:06:05.790 --> 01:06:07.710 Mark Kushner: Thank you very much for your presentation.